Education system in India. The education system in India is the foundation of knowledge and life. Free education in India

Contrary to the popular belief that India is a developing country, and therefore education there is in its infancy, the level of knowledge that can be obtained in Indian universities is not inferior to the educational level of European universities. Until recently, despite its rich historical heritage, where the country occupied one of the leading positions on the world stage in the field of education, and a highly developed culture, India was only on the threshold of economic development and was much inferior to other countries in this regard. As a result, the general level of education of the population was low. In recent decades, the situation has changed dramatically. India has become one of the actively developing countries and has taken an important position in the world economy. Now, more than ever, the country needs highly qualified personnel, so supporting and developing the educational sector and training is the most important task of the country’s social policy.

History of Indian education

Since time immemorial, India has been the largest cultural and educational center in the entire world. It was in India in 700 BC. e. The world's first university was founded in Taxila. Indian scientists gave birth to such important sciences as algebra and trigonometry. The Indian scientist Shridharacharya introduced the concept of quadratic equations. We should not forget that Sanskrit, the ancient Indian literary language, formed the basis of all Indo-European languages. Ayurvedic medical practices, which came to us from India, are used today throughout the world. Another interesting fact: the art of navigation also comes from India - it originated here 4000 BC. e. It is noteworthy that the modern word “navigation”, which has a common root in many Slavic and European languages ​​(English, German, French navigation, Italian navigatione), has Indian etymology: it is based on the Sanskrit “navgatih” (ship navigation) . The concept of modern education in India is aimed at raising a well-rounded person who can appreciate the beauty, art and rich cultural heritage of the country. The modern educational system is based on a focus on the needs of the people, the preservation of the native language and cultural traditions. One of the main directions of the country’s social policy today is to increase the general level of education of the population, therefore schools are being built everywhere in the states, and education of children in schools is promoted as opposed to home education and work from an early age.

Preschool education

There is no pre-school education system in India as such. The country has traditionally developed home preschool education. Until the age of four, the child is at home under the supervision of the mother. If both parents are busy at work, they resort to the services of a nanny or relatives. Some schools have preparatory groups where you can still send your child if it is not possible to educate him at home. In such groups, the child spends most of the day and, in addition to being under constant supervision, goes through the stage of preparing for school and even begins to learn foreign languages ​​(mostly English).

Features of secondary education

Today every citizen is required to receive basic secondary education in India, regardless of gender and social status. This level is free. The minimum educational level is 10 classes. Here children study from 4 to 14 years old. Second stage: grades 11 – 12, the stage is preparatory for those students who decided to continue their education at the university and get a specialty. Despite the fact that every citizen of India has the right to receive a free complete secondary education, the country has a system of private schools where in-depth study of individual subjects can be conducted and increased attention is paid to foreign languages. All educational institutions use innovative teaching methods, but the quality of education in private schools is much higher than in many public educational institutions. The average cost of private school tuition is between $100 and $200 per month, and sometimes higher.

This is interesting:

• All secondary schools provide students with free meals;
• It is in India that the world's largest (!) school is located, with more than 32 thousand students.

Video: about the cost of education in Indian schools

Russian schools in India

Today in India there are only three full-fledged Russian-language schools: two primary schools at the Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Mumbai and Chennai and one secondary school at the Embassy of the Russian Federation, located in New Delhi. Alternative ways of obtaining education for Russian-speaking children living with their parents in India are distance learning, family education or external studies. , where the largest number of Russian-speaking families live today, there is a practice of creating private preschool institutions with Russian-speaking teaching staff. But, as a rule, such children's institutions are created privately on the initiative of parents and do not operate systematically.

Higher education system

The higher education system in India has a three-tier structure:

• bachelor's degree;
• master's degree;
• doctoral studies

The duration of training directly depends on the chosen specialty. Thus, the period of study in the field of commerce and arts is three years, and to get a specialty in the field agriculture, medicine, pharmacology or veterinary medicine, you must study for four years.

Bachelor's degree studies require a document of complete secondary education (12 years). After completing a bachelor's degree, a graduate has the right to continue his studies at a master's degree (2 years) or go to work. Due to the active development of the country's economy in recent decades, the main emphasis in India's higher education system is on technical specialties, while humanitarian areas make up about 40% of the total. State and private enterprises are interested in obtaining highly qualified specialists, therefore they take an active part in the development of the country's educational structure. The most popular specialties in Indian higher education institutions are:

• IT technologies;
• engineering specialties;
• management;
• pharmacology;
• jewelry making.

For citizens of India, education in public higher educational institutions can be free. Foreign citizens are admitted to state universities on a budgetary basis only if the university provides a grant for training. At the same time, the price in commercial Indian universities is quite low by European standards: the cost of two full semesters at the most prestigious higher education institution in India does not exceed $15,000 per year. When enrolling on a contract basis, the applicant is required to provide proof of solvency (this may be a bank card statement). Virtual and distance learning have become widespread in the Indian higher education system. Many universities take part in international scientific programs and share their own courses in engineering, information technology and other areas for free. IT specialists educated at one of the Indian universities are in demand today all over the world.

The higher education system in neighboring China is somewhat different:

Indian women study at universities on an equal basis with men, but when seeking employment in their specialty, preference is still given to male specialists

Popular Universities in India

The higher education system in India is represented by more than 200 higher education institutions, which educate more than 6 million students from India and other countries of the world. Today, India ranks third in the world after China and the United States in terms of the number of higher education institutions. Indian universities are divided into federal universities and universities offering education within the same state.

Table: the most popular and largest universities in India

Photo gallery: best Indian universities

Within the walls of the ancient Nalanda University, the first shoots of Indian philosophical movements, medical, engineering and other knowledge arose. Since 1996, the University of Bombay has been called Mumbai University - after the name of the city in which it is located. More than 150 thousand students study at 8 faculties of the University of Calcutta. Over the 100 years of its existence. Varanas University has become one of the leading universities in India Delhi University is one of the most prestigious higher education institutions in the country

Features of the educational process

Teaching at Indian universities is usually conducted in English, so a good language base is one of the main requirements for applicants. There are no higher educational institutions where teaching is conducted in Russian in India. In some universities, teaching is conducted in the languages ​​of the respective states in which the university is located. However, even in such universities, English-language education is still preferable even among local residents. Unlike Russia and many other countries in the world, where the school year begins in September, Indian schoolchildren and students begin their studies in July. It is curious that each educational institution sets the start date of the educational process independently, that is, studies can begin either on July 1 or July 20. At the end of each semester, students take exams. As for schools, there is no system for ongoing assessment of knowledge. At the end of the school year, schoolchildren take final exams orally or in the form of testing. The longest holidays in Indian educational institutions are in May and June - these are the hottest months in the country. In Indian schools, it is customary to wear a school uniform. Girls wear long dresses here, boys wear shirts or T-shirts and shorts.

Admission to Indian universities for foreigners

In order to enroll in a higher education institution in India for a bachelor's degree, you must have a certificate of complete secondary education. Confirmation of the certificate is not required - a document received after graduating from a Russian school is equivalent to twelve years of education in India. You just need to translate the certificate into English and have it certified by a notary. To enroll in a master's degree, you will need copies of a certificate of complete secondary education and a bachelor's diploma, translated into English and certified by a notary. Another important requirement for admission is the presence of a certificate of completion of English language courses. Teaching in many universities is conducted in English, so language training is extremely important for subsequent studies. There is no need to take entrance exams; only some universities use a pre-test system. During their studies, foreign students usually live in dormitories or hotels, which are provided to students free of charge. If for some reason you do not want to use the free housing provided, you can rent an apartment. Renting an apartment will cost from $100 to $300 per month depending on the city and state in which the university is located. A big disadvantage for foreign students is the lack of opportunity to earn extra money while studying. Official employment of students during their studies is prohibited by Indian law. If you wish, it is possible to find illegal work (today the shadow labor market in India accounts for more than 80% of the total number of jobs), but you should remember that unofficial employment is strictly punished by Indian law.

Scholarships and grants

Indian universities are becoming increasingly popular among young people from many countries around the world. Despite the fact that state universities recruit only applicants with Indian citizenship for state-funded places, today foreign students also have the opportunity to receive higher education at one of the Indian universities for free. To do this, you must apply for a scholarship or grant and get it approved. The Indian Council for Cultural Relations is responsible for issuing scholarships and grants for studying at one of the universities in India. As a rule, leading federal universities annually provide several grants for foreign students. Therefore, if you are interested in studying at a particular university, you should wait until the university allocates a grant for the specialty you are interested in (as a rule, information is posted on the website of the Indian Embassy or on the website of the corresponding university), and submit an application.

In addition, there are a number of government funding programs under which citizens of Russia and other CIS countries can receive free education in India. One of the most popular is ITEC: the program offers students a free education at one of the federal Indian universities in the following areas: banking, public relations, small business, management. At the same time, students in the ITEC program are regularly paid a stipend of about $100 per month, and are also provided with a free hostel or hotel. A student has the right to study under the ITEC program only once. Another real opportunity to study at an Indian university is internship and exchange programs, in which Indian universities take an active part.

Obtaining a student visa

Citizens planning a trip to India, as well as staying there for the purpose of study, must apply for a student visa, which is valid for a period of 1 to 5 years and can be issued only upon official enrollment in a higher education institution. In addition, the institution must be accredited (this is especially true for commercial universities). In addition to the standard package of documents (application form, original and copy of a foreign passport, copy of a civil passport, 3 photographs), a person applying for a student visa must provide:

• confirmation letter from the university about enrollment;
• when applying for study on a contract basis - confirmation of payment for the first two semesters, as well as confirmation of the student’s solvency: one-year stay - at least 1000 dollars, stay for a longer period - at least 2000 dollars;
• when applying on a budget basis - confirmation that the inviting party bears all costs associated with accommodation and training.

Job prospects after studying

When it comes to employment, you should face the truth: it is almost impossible for a university graduate who does not have Indian citizenship to get a vacant position. Today, about 500 specialists with higher education and excellent command of English and Hindi apply for one vacant position in a large company. A foreign student who barely knows Hindi and has mostly studied in English is unlikely to be able to compete with the locals. The only chance to stay in India after studying, get a job and a residence permit is to prove yourself while studying. Indian manufacturing and other companies are actively cooperating with universities and placing their bets on particularly talented students, including those from other countries.

If you wish, you can take the chance and go to work in China:

Table: pros and cons of higher education in India

Voronezh 2016

Most Russians associate India more with relaxation, exoticism and downshifting than with a country where they can get a high-quality British-style education. Indian education is valued all over the world, including in Europe and North America. Proof of this is the many Indian students, graduate students and scientists who subsequently study or work in Western universities. India is called a “supplier of talent”, because scientists from this country make discoveries in various fields. Thus, over the past 20 years, 6 Indians have been awarded the Nobel Prize. It is very difficult to get into a good university in India (a large population means a lot of competition for admission), and those who succeed devote themselves to their studies with all zeal and diligence.

Education system in India

History of Indian Education and Basic Principles

The history of the development of the education system in India is a long-term stage, the beginning of which, according to various estimates, falls in the 5th century.

to BC. Even then, educational institutions with the properties of a higher school were created in the ancient city of Taxila. The ancient city of Taxila was considered the center of higher education in India. It was there that secular institutions first began to be established, along with Hindu temples and Buddhist monasteries. These institutions attracted foreigners with training in Indian medicine. However, in addition to the study of living matter, Indian education opened the way to knowledge of logic, grammar, and Buddhist literature.

School education in India

The country adheres to the main principle of educating its citizens - “10 + 2 + 3”. This model provides for 10 years of schooling, 2 years of college, plus another 3 years of study for the first stage of higher education.

Ten years of school include 5 years of junior high, 3 years of high school, and 2 years of vocational training. The education system is clearly illustrated by a sign.

Fig.1. Education system in India.

School education in India follows a unified scheme. A child begins to study at school at the age of four. Education in the first ten years (secondary education) is free, compulsory and carried out according to the standard general education program. Main disciplines: history, geography, mathematics, computer science and a subject freely translated by the word “science”. From the 7th grade, “science” is divided into biology, chemistry, and physics, which are familiar in Russia. "Politics", the equivalent of our natural sciences, is also taught.

If in the first stage of school education in India the program is the same for everyone, then upon reaching the age of fourteen and moving to high school (complete secondary education), students make a choice between fundamental and vocational education. Accordingly, there is an in-depth study of the subjects of the chosen course.

Preparation for entering universities takes place in schools. Students who choose vocational training move on to colleges and receive specialized secondary education. India is also blessed with a large number and variety of trade schools. There, over the course of several years, in addition to secondary education, the student also receives a profession that is in demand in the country. In Indian schools, in addition to the native (regional) language, it is compulsory to study the “additional official” language - English. This is explained by the unusually large number of languages ​​of the multinational and numerous Indian people. It is no coincidence that English is the generally accepted language of the educational process; most textbooks are written in it. Studying a third language (German, French, Hindi or Sanskrit) is also mandatory.

Schooling is conducted six days a week. The number of lessons varies from six to eight per day. Most schools offer free meals for children. There are no grades in Indian schools. But there are compulsory school-wide exams twice a year, and national exams in high school. All exams are written and taken in the form of tests. The vast majority of teachers in Indian schools are men.

School holidays in India are relatively short. Rest time falls in December and June. During the summer holidays, which last a whole month, children's camps are opened in schools. There, in addition to relaxation and entertainment, traditional creative educational activities are held with children.

The Indian school system includes both government and private schools. Secondary school education in public schools is usually free. For children from low-income Indian families, of which there are quite a few in this country, there are benefits in the form of textbooks, notebooks, and scholarships. Education in private institutions is paid, but the prices for education there are quite affordable for families even with low incomes. Reviews of the quality of education often favor private schools. There are also elite, expensive gymnasiums that operate on individual programs.
1.3. Higher education system

India is among the world leaders in the number of universities in the country - it ranks third after the United States and China. There are now over 700 universities in India. All of them are divided according to the source of funding into 3 main types: central, local (in a particular state) and private. There are also “institutions considered as universities” (deemed universities) - they can be called institutes, colleges and so on, but, in fact, they are universities and are financed either from the state budget or from private funds. A list of all universities can be found on the website of the University Grant Commission - the commission for the distribution of grants among universities, the main government body involved in the financing of universities. A list of fraudulent universities is also displayed here. The fact is that after India gained independence in 1947, the number of universities began to grow exponentially. This growth continues to this day, and legislation has not kept pace with it. Due to loopholes in the laws, some universities issue degrees in fields not approved by the Indian government, so it is recommended to enroll in a large and reliable university and always check for a license.

India has joined the Bologna Process, so the education system includes a 3-tier structure:

Bachelor's degree,

Master's degree,

Doctoral studies.

Obtaining a bachelor's degree in liberal arts takes 3 years, a professional bachelor's degree takes 4 years or more (4.5 years for medicine and 5-6 years for law). The master's degree takes another 2 years. The time required to complete a PhD varies depending on the student's abilities and the student's chosen field of study.

There are also many programs, upon completion of which the student does not receive any of the above-mentioned degrees, but only a diploma or certificate. The duration of such a program can be from 1 to 3 years. There is no academic prestige here, but you can attend unique courses: Ayurveda, Sanskrit, yoga, Hindi.

No matter how many subjects a student studies in a semester, he will be certified in only four, and the rest are given for self-control. However, it is customary to attend all lectures that are on the schedule. Teachers strictly monitor attendance and persistent truants may not be allowed to take exams. A preliminary assessment is required in the middle of the semester. In this, the Indian higher education system is similar to the Russian one.

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Structure of secondary education

Children start going to school at the age of four. Teaching is often conducted in English.

The first stage of education lasts ten years, the second - two years. This is where compulsory secondary education ends. For the next three years, you can study both at school (preparation for entering a university) and at a vocational college (here students receive secondary specialized education). There are also specialized vocational schools, where after eight to ten years of study, the student, along with secondary education, receives any in-demand profession: seamstress, mechanic, mechanic.

In secondary school, students receive general general education training, then they move to high school, where they are divided into two profiles: classical education and vocational. Different Indian states provide different levels of education. The Secondary Certificate is issued by the Indian School Certificate Board.

Passing the subject is assessed by indicators, among which level 1 is the highest grade, and level 9 is the lowest. A certificate can only be issued upon passing exams ranging from levels 1 to 7.

The standard grade for the internal exam in the subject “Socially useful, industrial work and civics” (abbreviation SPPR and GV) is determined by an indicator in letters, among which A is the highest grade, and E is the lowest. A certificate can only be issued upon passing an exam within levels A to D.

Students who are issued a certificate must pass internal examinations in their school "satisfactorily" in the following subjects: second language (Hindi) - oral examination, third language (Sanskrit) - passing material from 5th to 8th grade, art, physical education, moral and spiritual values. The examination certificate is issued to students who have passed the examination standard in at least 5 subjects, which must include an English language examination. The examination certificate will not be issued until students have achieved the percentage grade levels in the Social, Industrial and Civics subject they are required to pass within their school.

High school includes training in classical and technical subjects, although in most Indian states technical education is also available at colleges. One- and two-year technical training programs have been developed after eighth and tenth grade, after which students can receive industrial training. In addition, in India there are trade schools and courses in health and nursing, home economics courses, entrepreneurship courses for starting a business, training young people to work in certain professional fields and graduating service workers. This ensures the training of manpower in the Indian states. Most vocational education and training programs are public. In private educational institutions, funds for them are also sponsored by the state. Students pay only part of the tuition fees by paying a nominal tuition fee (approximately 50 rupees per year). Funding for training is provided by the Vocational Education Division of the School Education Committee and the Technical Education Committee of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, which monitors the completion of vocational and technical education programs. After two years of study, students take examinations compiled by the various State Boards of Secondary/Secondary Education. The written assignments they complete during their studies do not contribute to their final grade: it is based on the scores they receive in the final examination administered by the Board.

In modern India, the hallmark of educational development is the emphasis that the education instilled in our children will determine the character of the nation in the future.

“Teacher-student” system

Ancient Hindu treatises depict an exploratory learning process where teachers and students work together to seek the truth through reasoning and questioning. However, these texts merely captured an even earlier oral tradition in which the relationship between gurus (teachers) and shishyas (disciples) became almost the main religious component of Hinduism. In traditional Indian texts, some teach, others learn, and those who teach are not always initially higher in position.

In the gurukul system, anyone who wanted to learn went to the guru's house and asked to be taught. If the guru accepted him as a shishya, the newly made disciple would help him around the house, learning how to manage things at the same time. Meanwhile, the guru talked about everything the child wanted to know: from Sanskrit to sacred texts and from mathematics to metaphysics. The student stayed with him as long as he wanted, until the guru felt that he had already taught him everything he himself knew. Learning was natural, life-like and did not boil down to memorizing individual information.

In general, the Indian way of teaching is understood as a sacred duty, mission, ethical act, social obligation, on the proper implementation of which the well-being of society depends. The teacher leads the student from the darkness of ignorance to the light of knowledge, removes the cover from the lamp of learning and releases the light. The Sanskrit andhakara (“darkness”) means not just intellectual ignorance, but spiritual blindness, which the teacher must be able to eliminate. Ancient educational philosophy even considered knowledge to be the third eye of man.

Today, the very word “Teacher” sounds very respectable in India, because everyone understands the importance of the role of such a person both for education and for the society of the entire country. Teacher's Day is celebrated on September 5th, the birthday of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and is a tribute to the memory of the great teacher.

In India, teachers are friendly, open-minded, inspiring to students and very helpful in building their careers. Behind the fame of many Indians lies the enormous contribution of their teachers, and among the teachers themselves there are many famous people. Indian professors are famous for not limiting themselves to lecturing, but also helping their audience build connections with the subject area they are studying (including after classes and in additional courses). Thanks to this integrated approach, students become more interested in learning, easier to show curiosity and more free to create.

By the way, the gurukul system has not disappeared in India to this day. Modern gurus are considered the embodiment of knowledge, ethics and caring, and in the image of the shishya the strong-willed component has increased, but this is still a respectful student who considers his teacher to be a beacon illuminating the right path.

india education guru higher

Higher education

Higher education can be obtained at 221 universities in the country. Among them, 16 are central universities and the rest are functioning under state acts. The total number of colleges in the country is 10,555.

In addition to traditional ones, in India there are universities with distinct specifics: Visva Bharati; Indira Kala Sangeeth in Hairagarh, which exclusively introduces Indian music; Rabindra Bharati in Kolkata, which focuses on teaching Bengali language and Tagore studies; Women's University in Bombay.

Among the universities there are small (from 1-3 thousand students) and giants (more than 100 thousand students). There are universities with one specialty and one faculty, and there are universities with many faculties.

The largest universities in India are: Calcutta (150 thousand students), Bombay (Mumbai, 150 thousand), Rajasthan (150 thousand), Delhi (130 thousand), M.K. Gandhi (150 thousand).

Technical education plays an extremely important role in the national economy and human resource development of India. Over the past half century, this area of ​​education has undergone significant development. Currently, 185 institutes offer postgraduate degrees in engineering and technology disciplines, with 16,800 students enrolling each year. Apart from government institutes and state institutes of technology, there are also those run jointly by the central and state governments, as well as private institutes. All of them are recognized by the regulatory body for higher technical education, the All India Council of Technical Education, founded by the Government of India.

The major institutes that train technologists and managers include engineering institutes in Mumbai, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Chennai and Guwahati, and six management institutes in Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Bangalore, Lucknow, Indore and Calicut. The first university degree takes three years to complete.

Within the higher education system in India, there are three levels of qualification principles:

*Bachelor / Undergraduate level,

*Master / Postgraduate level,

*Doctoral / Pre-doctoral level.

Bachelor's / Undergraduate level

The Bachelor's Degree in Arts, Commerce and Sciences requires 3 years (after a 12-year school cycle)

Bachelor in Agriculture, Dentistry, Pharmacopoeia, Veterinary Medicine - 4 years

Bachelor in Architecture and Medicine - 5-5 and a half years

The time frame for obtaining a Bachelor's degree in journalism, library science and law is completely different - from 3-5 years, depending on the type of degree.

Master's program - Master's / Post-graduate level

Obtaining a master's degree usually takes two years. The training program may involve either attending classes and/or directly writing a research paper.

Doctoral studies - Doctoral / Pre-doctoral level

At the Pre-doctoral level (Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)), enrollment occurs after completion of the master's degree. This program may involve either taking classes and writing a research paper, or a full concentration on writing a research paper.

The Doctor's Degree (PhD) is awarded after an additional two years of completion of the M.Phil. or three years after receiving a Master's degree.

The doctoral program includes writing original research

Level of education (statistical indicators)

Currently, the number of literate people is 562.01 million, of which 75% are men and 25% are women.

According to estimates of statistical services in India, only 5-6% of the total number of young people aged 17-23 years study in higher educational institutions, which seems not much, but nevertheless it is more than 6.5 million students. In recent years, the number of students studying engineering and technical specialties has prevailed, while about 40% of students study the humanities.

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Having been a former British colony, India inherited the English education system. Children begin school at the age of four. Education in India is often English-medium. Compulsory secondary education takes place in two stages - the first stage lasts ten years, the second takes two years. Then they study for three years either at school, preparing to enter a higher educational institution, or at a vocational college, which provides secondary specialized education. In India, special schools of crafts have been opened, where students acquire a useful profession, such as a mechanic or a seamstress, over the course of eight or ten years.

Higher education in India is conducted according to the Bologna system. Students study for three to five years for a bachelor's degree, then another two years for a master's degree and three years for a doctorate. There are many universities in India, each with its own specialization and teaching methods. Some higher education institutions provide training in narrow specialties, such as a foreign language or music.

Foreigners residing in India can enroll their children in either a government or a commercial school. The educational process is English-language. When entering school, children must undergo an interview. Fees in public schools are low and amount to about one hundred dollars a month. Commercial schools are more expensive, but the educational process in them is more exciting and of higher quality. Children's meals are included in the payment.

It is not difficult for a foreign child to continue his studies at an Indian university. Indian higher education institutions admit students without entrance exams.

A large number of foreign youth come to Indian universities as part of student exchange or internships. An applicant can come and receive higher education in India. Educational institutions in India are represented by private universities, local ones, which are under the leadership of the state, and centralized ones, which are subordinate to the state. There are no representative offices of foreign universities in India. Foreign citizens pay about fifteen thousand dollars a year for study.

Speaking about education in India, it should be noted that it is of a fairly high level. The country produces high-quality pharmacists and jewelers. Quite often, citizens of other countries come to India to learn English.

Foreign students are provided with a dormitory. But those who wish can also live with an Indian family, which will provide the visitor with a separate room. Such accommodation will help a foreigner become familiar with Indian culture and way of life, and quickly get accustomed to a new environment. In general, living expenses in India are much lower than in the CIS countries. Taking into account various expenses, a student in India will need up to two hundred and fifty dollars a month. In addition, university students can receive a state scholarship or grant. This is more likely for those whose specialty is in contact with Indian culture, art or religion.

As for obtaining a second higher education in India, this can be done completely free of charge. All you need is relevant work experience, as well as participation in a specific Indian government program. To familiarize yourself in detail with the conditions for receiving free education, you can refer to the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Indian Ministry of Education.

Coming to India to get an education, it will be quite difficult for a foreigner to get comfortable in an unusual environment. Firstly, the food in this country is quite different from what we are used to in our homeland. Of the meat products in India, only poultry is eaten. Instead of bread, which is an integral part of our diet, flatbreads are accepted in India. There are no fermented milk products here. There are also no medicines common to Europeans. As far as traffic is concerned, traffic lights in India are only available in big cities, but not everywhere. Indian streets are full of poor people, often professional beggars working among them. As for hygiene standards, it should be said that lovers of cleanliness will have a hard time here.

Since India has a huge number of holidays, studies are often interrupted - the process of getting an education in India is not intensive. As for the language barrier, visiting students will have to communicate in English. Learning Hindi is difficult, and by and large, it makes no sense, since there are over eight hundred dialects of this language in the country. For convenience and mutual understanding, you can learn the most popular phrases in the national language of India.

The education system in India has undergone significant changes towards development and improvement over the past decades. The reason for this is the rapid growth of the country’s economy and the increasing need for qualified scientific and working specialists. Much attention is paid to all levels of education - from preschool to higher education; obtaining a good education and a decent specialty among the country's population is one of the urgent life tasks. Studying at higher educational institutions in India is becoming increasingly popular among foreign students. Moreover, there are a number of traditional ways to get a free education, not only higher education, but also postgraduate education.

Levels and types of education in India

The Indian educational system includes several stages:

• preschool education;
• school (secondary and full);
• secondary vocational education;
• higher and postgraduate education with obtaining academic degrees (bachelor, master, doctor).

Accordingly, by type, education in India is divided into secondary, complete secondary, vocational, higher and additional higher education.

The non-state educational system operates according to two programs. The first provides training for schoolchildren, the second - for adults. The age range is from nine to forty years. There is also an open education system in which several open universities and schools operate in the country.

Preschool education

Traditionally in India, young children were always under the care of their mothers and relatives. Therefore, the kindergarten system in this country simply never existed. The problem has become acute in recent decades, when both parents often began working in the family. Therefore, additional groups were created in schools everywhere, operating on the principle of preparatory classes. As a rule, preschool education begins at the age of three, and learning takes place in a playful way. It is noteworthy that already at this age children begin to master the English language. The process of preparing for school lasts one to two years.

Secondary education

School education in India follows a unified scheme. A child begins to study at school at the age of four. Education in the first ten years (secondary education) is free, compulsory and carried out according to the standard general education program. Main disciplines: history, geography, mathematics, computer science and a subject freely translated by the word “science”. From the 7th grade, “science” is divided into biology, chemistry, and physics, which are familiar in Russia. "Politics", the equivalent of our natural sciences, is also taught.

If in the first stage of school education in India the program is the same for everyone, then upon reaching the age of fourteen and moving to high school (complete secondary education), students make a choice between fundamental and vocational education. Accordingly, there is an in-depth study of the subjects of the chosen course.

Preparation for entering universities takes place in schools. Students who choose vocational training move on to colleges and receive specialized secondary education. India is also blessed with a large number and variety of trade schools. There, over the course of several years, in addition to secondary education, the student also receives a profession that is in demand in the country.

In Indian schools, in addition to the native (regional) language, it is compulsory to study the “additional official” language - English. This is explained by the unusually large number of languages ​​of the multinational and numerous Indian people. It is no coincidence that English is the generally accepted language of the educational process; most textbooks are written in it. Studying a third language (German, French, Hindi or Sanskrit) is also mandatory.

Schooling is conducted six days a week. The number of lessons varies from six to eight per day. Most schools offer free meals for children. There are no grades in Indian schools. But there are compulsory school-wide exams twice a year, and national exams in high school. All exams are written and taken in the form of tests. The vast majority of teachers in Indian schools are men.

School holidays in India are relatively short. Rest time falls in December and June. During the summer holidays, which last a whole month, children's camps are opened in schools. In addition to relaxation and entertainment with children, traditional creative educational activities are held there.

The Indian secondary education system includes both public and private schools. Secondary school education in public schools is usually free. For children from low-income Indian families, of which there are quite a few in this country, there are benefits in the form of textbooks, notebooks, and scholarships. Education in private institutions is paid, but the prices for education there are quite affordable for families even with low incomes. Reviews of the quality of education often favor private schools. There are also elite, expensive gymnasiums that operate on individual programs.

Russian schools in India

Education in India for Russian children is provided in three public schools, which operate under the diplomatic services of Russia. The secondary school is located in New Delhi at the Russian Embassy. In Mumbai and Chennai, there are primary schools at the Russian Consulates General. Education for Russian children is possible in correspondence form. The Russian school in New Delhi implements approved programs of primary, basic and secondary general education. The language of instruction is Russian. Of course, education for Russian children is quite possible in ordinary Indian schools, both private and public. But all subjects there are taught almost everywhere in English.

Higher Education in India

Higher education in India is prestigious, diverse and popular among young people. There are more than two hundred universities in the country, most of which are focused on European education standards. The higher education system is presented in a three-stage form familiar to Europeans. Students, depending on the length of study and the chosen profession, receive bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees.

Among the most popular and prestigious universities are Calcutta, Mumbai, Delhi, Rajasthan, each of these universities has 130-150 thousand students. In recent decades, due to the steady development of the Indian economy, the number of universities with an engineering and technical orientation has increased. The Indian Institute of Technology and the Institute of Management are among the most attractive and worthy here. Moreover, in the latter, 50% of students are foreign students.

The share of humanities graduates in India is about 40%. Along with traditional universities, the country has a lot of highly specialized higher education institutions, focused in particular on native culture, history, art, and languages.

Study in India for international students

Obtaining higher education in India is becoming increasingly popular among foreign, including Russian, students. This is explained by several factors:

• high and increasing level of higher education in India;
• in comparison with European prices, studying at Indian universities is much cheaper, the overall cost of living in the country is low;
• a large number of internship and student exchange programs with Indian universities;
• active government stimulation of training in the form of grants and scholarships.

It is noteworthy that to enter an Indian university there is no need to pass entrance exams. Testing is used only in special cases. But there are strict requirements for knowledge of the English language, without which the road to most Indian universities will be closed. In all major cities of India, there are inexpensive and qualified English language courses.

To enroll in a bachelor's degree you must provide:

• certificate of complete secondary education;
• a document containing information about the disciplines passed at school and grades;
• documentary evidence of solvency for students on a commercial basis.

Studying at Indian universities is also relevant for people who already have higher education. To enroll in a master's program, you will need to provide a document on complete secondary education and a certified copy of your diploma. Upon admission to doctoral studies, a copy of the master's diploma and other documents indicating the qualifications of the applicant will be required.

All documents of foreign students must be legalized: translated into English, certified by a notary.

Free education in India

Postgraduate education in India can also be free, like primary university education. For these purposes, institutes regularly provide grants, for which at a minimum you need a diploma and knowledge of the English language. Free education in India can also be achieved through ITEC, a technical and economic cooperation program.