The lesson “Dashes between subjects and predicates” is devoted to the peculiarities of Russian punctuation. The teacher will talk in detail about cases of placing a dash and about cases when this punctuation mark should not be placed between the subject and predicate.

Topic: Two-part sentences. Main members of the proposal

Lesson: Dash between subject and predicate

Dash- this is a punctuation mark.

In Russian punctuation it is used to indicate pauses between words (parts of a sentence); to emphasize intonation (caused by the emotionality of the statement) in speech; between the subject and the predicate in place of the missing connective; to highlight direct speech and introductory words; to separate a coordinating conjunction with an emphasized opposition.

There are several cases when, for the intonational-logical division of a phrase A dash must be placed between the subject and the predicate.

1. Textbook: Russian language: textbook for 8th grade. general education institutions / T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova and others - M.: Education, OJSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2008.

2. Complete academic reference book edited by V.V. Lopatina ().

Which sentences need a dash?

1. The picturesque people of India (I. Goncharov).

2. This officer is no match for you (K. Fedin).

3. Loneliness in creativity is a difficult thing (A. Chekhov).

4. The Ussuri tiger is not a fairy tale at all (L. Martynov).

5. An amazing thing is a dream (I. Turgenev).

6. Of course, it is a great art to wait (L. Sobolev).

7. Twenty years is a good thing (K. Simonov).

8. It’s very unbearable to move (I. Goncharov).

9. I am an honest person and never give compliments (A. Chekhov).

10. This is Zverkov’s house (A. Chekhov).

11. Without you, I am a star without light. Without you I am a creator without a world (V. Bryusov).

12. Arousing hearts to fight is the best destiny of a singer (Kondyrev).

13. The writer’s job is to resist suffering with all his might, with all his talent. The artist’s job is to create joy (K. Paustovsky).

14. Landscape is not an accessory to prose and not a decoration (K. Paustovsky).

Between the subject (subject group) and the predicate (predicate group), of all punctuation marks, only a dash is used. placed in place of the missing ligament.

Dash between subject and predicate PUT:

A dash is placed	Examples
In the absence of a connective in a compound nominal predicate, if: a) both main members of the sentence are expressed by a noun in the I. p.	The word is the commander of human power (V. Mayakovsky). Love and friendship are a mutual echo: they give as much as they take (A. Herzen).
b) one of the main members is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the other by an infinitive, or both by an infinitive (in addition to the infinitive, the subject and predicate may include other words)	The poet’s gift is to caress and scribble, a fatal stamp on him (S. Yesenin). Shooting at stones means losing arrows (M. Gorky). Drive out before evening and bring in at dawn the herd is a great holiday for peasant boys (I. Turgenev).
c) the subject and predicate are expressed by numerals in I. p.; one main member is expressed by a numeral or numeral with a noun, and the other by a noun in I. p.	Three times three is nine. Four is an even number. The specific gravity of pine is zero point six tons per cubic meter.
d) the predicate includes the words this, that means	Language is a tool of thinking... To handle language somehow means to think somehow: imprecisely, approximately, incorrectly (A. Tolstoy).

Dash between subject and predicate NOT PUT:

There is no dash	Examples
If: a) before the nominal part of the predicate there is an introductory word, adverb, conjunction or particle (only, only, after all, unless)	The rook, of course, is a smart bird... (K. Paustovsky). Mercury is also a metal. March is just the beginning of spring.
b) the predicate includes comparative conjunctions as, as if, as if, exactly, that, anyway (what)	A pond is like shiny steel (A. Fet). An unfinished book is like an unfinished journey (Proverb).
c) before the nominal part of the predicate there is a negation not, except in cases where both main members of the sentence (or one of them) are expressed by an infinitive	Horses are not travel companions on foot (Proverb). Living life is not a field to cross (Proverb). The main motive of my life is not to live my life in vain... (K. Tsiolkovsky).
d) between the subject and the predicate there is an addition, circumstance	But this calmness is often a sign of great, albeit hidden strength (M. Lermontov).
e) the predicate is expressed by an adjective (full, short, comparative or superlative)	The day is sunny. The girl is smart and beautiful. The weather is rainier in autumn, and people are more talkative in old age (I. Krylov).
f) the subject or predicate is expressed by a pronoun;	She's a cunning girl. The book is mine.
g) the nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, denotes the attribute of a certain person (there is no “break” intonation)	My mother is a teacher. His older brother is a good friend. Our friend is an elderly woman.
h) the predicate precedes the subject	This valley is a wonderful place! (M. Leomontov)

Dash in an incomplete sentence

In incomplete sentences, a dash is usually placed when a predicate or other members of the sentence are omitted, if they are restored from the text of the sentence itself, most often complex: For several seconds, the shepherd boy and Metelitsa looked straight into each other's eyes: Metelitsa - with feigned indifference, the shepherd boy - with fear, sympathy and pity . (A. Fadeev) To the north of the city the Germans reached the Volga, to the south they were approaching it . (K. Simonov)

Lesson summary of the Russian language in 8th grade: “Dash between subject and predicate”

The purpose of the lesson:

deepen students' knowledge about the rules of punctuation that regulate the placement of a dash between the subject and the predicate.

Lesson type: practical lesson.

Equipment: projector,

PC,

interactive board.

Progress of the Russian language lesson in 8th grade:

I. Organizational moment

U: Hello, guys! Sit down.

II . Teacher's opening speech

T: Today we are conducting a practical lesson.

You will complete tasks in the worksheets that are on your desks (sign them, please) and independently monitor your knowledge and skills on the topic of the lesson, that is, evaluate yourself. Record the results of your work in the “Evaluation Sheet”. Be objective.

Task 1. Terminological dictation

Let's remember the basic linguistic terms we studied in the “Syntax and Punctuation” section. Goal: Knowledge of terms is necessary for successful learning of the material. The first task is terminological dictation.

In the worksheets, there is space under number 1 to write down terms.

1. A section of grammar that studies the structure and meaning of syntactic units. (Syntax)

2. 1. A set of punctuation marks used in written speech. 2. A collection of rules for their arrangement. (Punctuation)

3. A word or group of words, grammatically formed and having semantic and intonation completeness (Sentence)

4. Unity of subject and predicate (Base of the sentence)

5. Elements of writing , performing auxiliary functions of dividing (highlighting) semantic segments text , sentences, phrases, words (Punctuation marks)

Let's check how you coped with the terminology dictation.

……, read all the terms you wrote down.

Conclusion: So, we have repeated the basic linguistic terms that are necessary when studying the “Syntax and Punctuation” section.

III . Updating knowledge about the offer

1. U: Before moving on to the topic of the lesson, let us remember what a sentence is and what are its characteristics as a syntactic unit?

Define this concept.

A: Offer - a word or group of words that are grammatically formed and have semantic and intonation completeness.

The proposal has the following features:

1) has a grammatical basis;

2) expresses a complete thought;

3) characterized by semantic completeness;

4) is a unit of communication.

2. Formulating the topic and purpose of the lesson

1) Let's continue working.

Task 2

After completing the second task, we will formulate the topic of today's lesson.

Prove that you have sentences in front of you, add the missing punctuation marks, and graphically explain their placement (emphasize the grammatical basis of the sentence). Goal: Determine what is special about these proposals.

The Word is the spiritual life of the people. (A. Voznesensky)

Learning is always useful. (Proverb)

Language is a friend to all knowledge and all nature. (G. Derzhavin)

A: Yes, we have sentences before us, since they have a grammatical basis - NAME, are characterized by intonation completeness - at the end there is a period, narrative sentences.

The structure is simple sentences.

W: What is their feature?

A: Conclusion: In all sentences, a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate.

U: We know that the most important feature of a sentence is the presence of a predicative (grammatical) basis.

Did you guess while completing the task what the topic of the lesson was?

A: I guess dash between subject and predicate.

Write the topic on the worksheets.

T: Now let’s formulate the purpose of the lesson:

A: Remember and consolidate the rule of placing a dash between the main parts of a sentence.

(To deepen students’ knowledge about the rules of punctuation that regulate the placement of a dash between the subject and the predicate).

Before formulating the rule, tell me, what is the difference between a DASH and a HYPHEN?

ABOUT: DASH - punctuation mark, hyphen - spelling.

Now let's turn to the history of the punctuation mark dash. I give the floor to an expert in the Russian language.
A: Punctuation marks appeared much later than writing was invented. In Russia, the punctuation system was formed only after the spread of printing.

By the end of the XVIII century, another punctuation mark appeared - the dash

The dash goes back to the French "dash". As soon as this sign was not called:

Black ink stripe

Silent,

Long line

horizontal line,

Stop sign

This sign was first used by N. Karamzin

U: Let me remind you that Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin -an outstanding historian, the largest Russian writer of the era of sentimentalism, the creator of the multi-volume work “History of the Russian State”, author of the story “Poor Liza”.
So, a dash, like other punctuation marks, helps to understand the structure of a sentence, and therefore the meaning of what is written.

The dash performs many functions, today we are talking about the dash, which separates the subject and predicate.

IV . Completing assignments on the topic

1) Task 3

U: Let's move on to the third task. Read the sentences carefully.

Underline the grammatical basics of all sentences; indicate how the subject and predicate are expressed. Explain the use of a dash between the subject and the predicate and its absence. Place missing punctuation marks where necessary. Goal: After completing the task, formulate a rule.

1.A book is man's best friend. (noun - noun) 2. Teaching a scientist only spoils him. (Inf - Inf) 3. Re-reading the pages of your favorite books is a great pleasure. (Inf - noun) 4. Five five is twenty five. (number - number) 5. A book is a bridge to the world of knowledge. (noun is a noun)

1. Books are like best friends. (noun as noun) 2.They are loyal and smart helpers. (local noun) 3. The book is small, but it gave me intelligence.. (noun adj.) 4.Education is definitely a pillar in life. (noun, introductory word, noun) 5. Poverty is not a carrot, but beckons. (noun NOT noun)

EXAMINATION

1. Name sentence 4 (1 st.)

proposal 4 (second st.)

proposal 3 (first column)

sentence 1 (second article)

sentence 2 (first article)

proposal 2 (second st.)

U: Conclusion: So, what rule do we follow when placing a dash between the main members of a sentence?
A: A dash is placed between the subject and predicate if the grammatical basis includes nouns, infinitives and numerals in different combinations without an auxiliary part.

U: In what cases is placing a dash unacceptable?

A: A dash is usually not placed if the predicate contains a negative particle, if the predicate contains comparative particles like, as if, as if; if the subject is expressed by a pronoun; if the predicate is expressed by an adjective, if there are v. words between the subject and the predicate.

We repeated the punctuation rule “Using a dash between the subject and the predicate.”Practical exercises and the algorithm presented in the information cards will help us consolidate this rule.

2) Working with the algorithm

Task 4 Game “Third wheel”

Let's play. Read the sentences carefully. Emphasize the grammatical basics, add missing punctuation marks, find the extra third, explain why.
1. Say a kind word and give a stick in the hand.
2. Mahogany is rare, the red word is apt.

3. A truthful word is power.

Check - 1 person

3) U: We continue preparing for the main state exam.

Let's move on to the fifth task “Elements of text analysis”

Read the text. Determine the theme, the main idea?

1) Book - a life-giving source that gives a person knowledge and strength, happiness and purity, youth and enthusiasm. 2) A book is life, truly beautiful, amazing, swift and restless. 3) Seeing this beauty is the duty of each of us. 4) Our task is to learn to understand works of art that reveal to us the secrets of the past and the future, surprising us with the greatness of the present. (His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Rus')

Theme is a book that gives knowledge to a person.

The main idea is to learn to understand fiction.

Now add the missing punctuation marks and insert the missing letters.

EXAMINATION

T: Complete the test, which is built in the OGE format.

Test

1. Indicate the meaning in which the word “life-giving” is used in the text:

1. helping

2. regenerative

3. useful

4. healing

2. Write out the grammatical basis from sentence No. 4

the task is to learn to understand

3. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which separate definitions are expressed by participial phrases

___________________

4. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which the subject and predicate are expressed by noun.

___________________

5. Indicate the number of the sentence where the subject is expressed as a verb and the predicate as a noun.

___________________

Peer review.

Raise your hands who got 5, 4.

T: Today in the lesson we received new information about the punctuation sign - the dash; while completing assignments, we reinforced the previously learned rule of placing a dash between the subject and the predicate; evaluating ourselves, we tried to be objective.

Back forward

Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the features of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Goals:

• Repeat previously studied material on determining the types of connections in a phrase, on the topic “Main members of a sentence”
• Deepen students' knowledge about placing a dash in a simple sentence
• Develop speech, thinking, spelling and punctuation vigilance, enrich vocabulary
• To cultivate a caring attitude towards the word, love and respect for the patriots of their homeland, for the subject

Equipment: Presentation, cards for individual independent work at the desk and at the blackboard, tablets with fairy tale characters, information from the history of Russian punctuation

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

Hello guys! Sit down.

Preparing students for active and conscious learning of new material.

2. Test of knowledge.

Opened the notebooks, wrote down the number, great job

1) Vocabulary work. The word Certificate, diploma. (Presentation)

Write the words in your notebook. Select the spelling.

2) In previous lessons we worked on the topic “Main members of a sentence. Types of predicate.” Let's repeat the theory, answering only the question

1. The main members of the sentence are...

2. The subject and predicate in other words are...

3. The subject is...

4. The subject is most often expressed...

5. The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which...

6. A predicate expressed by one verb in the form of some mood is called...

7. In a simple verbal predicate, the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed...

8. Compound predicates are those predicates in which...

9. A compound verbal predicate is a predicate that...

10. A compound nominal predicate is...

Exercise.Determine the type of predicate in the sentences.

The door was ajar.

The swamps lay deserted and ominous before us.

a) simple verbal predicate;

b) compound verbal predicate;

c) compound nominal predicate.

The ducks begin to swim.

a) simple verbal predicate;

b) compound verbal predicate;

c) compound nominal predicate.

All the birds hid somewhere.

a) simple verbal predicate;

b) compound verbal predicate;

c) compound nominal predicate.

The water still could not calm down.

a) simple verbal predicate;

b) compound verbal predicate;

c) compound nominal predicate.

3. Linguistic warm-up.

In the morning... the rocks are painted (?) in (gently) pink and reddish t... and acquire a warm brown (?) dull hue. (on the board)

Write the sentence in your notebook, insert the missing letters and explain the spelling.

Find the grammatical basis in this sentence. ( The rocks are painted and acquired).

Specify the type of predicate.

We will do a syntactic analysis orally.

Creating a problematic situation.

Guys, what is a shade?

A hue is a variation of the same color. (Students write down the definition in their notebooks and on the board)

Emphasize the grammatical basis.

How are the subject and predicate expressed? (Using a noun in I.p.)

What do we know about punctuation in such cases? (You must put a dash)

Pay attention to the screen (slide). You see sentences written in two columns.

Compare these offers.

Explain why there is a dash in some cases and not in others. Can we explain?

Do we all know about placing a dash between the subject and the predicate? (No)

So, what will we talk about in class? Name the topic of our lesson. (Dash between subject and predicate). Write the topic in your notebook (slide)

What goals will we set for today's lesson? (Find out more cases when a dash is placed and when not) (slide)

Well done!

4. Studying new material.

1. Independent reading of theoretical material paragraph 15, p. 80

2. Generalization of the main cases of setting a dash and its absence.

(the children have a table card on their desk; it needs to be filled out with sentences that the teacher will read)

DASH BETWEEN SUBJECT AND PREDICATE(slide)

The dash is placed:
1. Noun + noun	Forest- friend of human.
2. Numeral + numeral	Two by two- four.
3. N. f. Ch. + n. f. verb	Protect nature- love your homeland.
4. Noun + n. f. verb	Our task- study well.
5. N. f. verb + noun	Walk barefoot- pleasure.
6. This is what it means	Reading- this is the best teaching.
There is no dash:
1. With the predicate there is Not	Headmen It's not joy.
2. With the predicate there is as if	Pond like a mirror.
3. Subject = pronoun	He doctor.
If logical stress falls on a pronoun, then a dash can be placed	You are the best person in the world.

Check the recording of the sentences on the card. Paste this card into your notebook.

Let's go back to our examples from the table. Knowing the rule, explain why there is a dash in the sentences in the first column, but not in the sentences in the second column.

5. Physical education minute

6. Fixing the material.

1. Perform exercise 153 (part 1) with chain checking.

2. Independent work (work in pairs according to options: 1 in – 1-5 sentences; 2 in – 6 – 10 sentences) (slide)

1. Language is life itself.

2. Our souls are mirrors that reflect us.

3. Be in battle and find out the value of life.

4. The air is like a rose.

5. This day is like a holiday.

6. Poverty is not a vice.

7. Our Volga is the most beautiful river.

8. Great news.

10. Five five twenty five.

Right answers:

1. Language is life itself.

2. Our souls are mirrors that reflect us.

3. To be in battle is to know the value of life.

4. The air is like a rose.

5. This day is like a holiday.

6. Poverty is not a vice.

7. Our Volga is the most beautiful river.

8. A great thing is news.

9. Nature is not a temple, but a workshop.

10. Five five is twenty five.

3. Study of syntactic material.

Change the sentences so that between The subjects and predicates had a dash.

What do I need to do?

The story “The Captain's Daughter” is a historical work.

The basis of the story is pictures of Pugachev's uprising.

4. Letter with inserts

Now you have to construct sentences yourself from several components. The first part of your sentences is the names of the colors that you will see on the slides. The second part of the proposals will be read by me. You need to write down the entire sentence, adding a dash where necessary.

1) Give a bouquet of tulips (slide)- means, in the language of flowers, to declare love.

In the language of flowers, a tulip means a declaration of love, and this is preceded by the legend of the Persian prince Farhad. In love with the beautiful Shirin, the prince dreamed of a happy life with his beloved. However, envious rivals started a rumor that Shirin had been killed. Farhad, distraught with grief, drove his horse onto the rocks and fell to his death. In the place where the blood of the unfortunate prince fell on the ground, bright red flowers grew, a symbol of passionate love - tulips.

2) Astra (slide)- this is the last smile of autumn.

- Astra means “star” in Greek. Look, its petals really resemble the rays of a star. It’s not for nothing that the aster is called “the last smile of autumn”: these flowers can withstand frosts of up to 7 degrees! The smell of late asters is inimitable: it carries the dampness of autumn rain, the withering of leaves, and the bitterness of pine needles...

3) Lilac ( slide) like a gentle fragrant sea.

An ancient Greek legend tells that young Pan, the god of forests and meadows, once met the beautiful forest nymph Syringa and was so enchanted by her beauty and grace that he forgot about his own amusements. Pan decided to speak to Syringa, but she got scared and ran away. Pan rushed after him, but the nymph turned into a fragrant bush with delicate purple flowers. So the name Syringa gave the name to the flower - lilac.

7. If there is time left Exam simulator.(slide of your choice)

8. Summing up. (reflection)

9. Homework: paragraph 15, ex. 153 (2, 3 parts)

§ 5.1

Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a connective, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by nouns in the nominative case form: Loneliness in creativity - difficult thing(Ch.); Next station - Mytishchi; Moscow games - beautiful academy sports creativity(gas.).

Usually, dash put:

1) in sentences that have the nature of a logical definition: Geometry - department mathematicians who study spatial forms and relationships of bodies;

2) in sentences of book and written styles (scientific, journalistic, official business), containing a characteristic, assessment of an object or phenomenon: Matter - objective reality, existing outside and independently of human consciousness; Disarmament - command time;

3) in identity sentences (the subject and the predicate express the same concept): Moscow is the capital Russia;

4) after homogeneous subjects: Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan - the largest cities Volga region;

5) with structural parallelism of parts of a sentence: Diligent in the brigade - treasure, lazy - heavy burden;

6) to clarify the meaning of the sentence; compare: Older his sister - teacher; Older his sister is his teacher.

Note. In a number of cases, a dash is usually not placed: 1) in sentences of simple composition in a conversational style of speech: My mother is an engineer; My brother is a schoolboy; 2) if the role of the connective is comparative unions as if, as if, exactly, as if, anyway and so on.: Speeches as speeches(Furm.); The stars are like small diamonds; The clouds are like fairy-tale monsters; Today the sky is like the sea. Deviations from this provision among classical writers and modern authors are associated with previous punctuation norms or with the desire to emphasize the connotation of comparison contained in the predicate: Your speeches are like a sharp knife(L.); This phrase is like a grand slam in Jumble(T.); This girl is like a holiday!(Already); The duration of the war is like a century of life(TV); 3) if the predicate is preceded by a negation not: This officer is no match for you(Fed.); ... The Ussuri tiger is not a fairy tale at all, it’s almost a reality(March.); Poverty is not a vice(linear); The heart is not a stone(linear); Analogy is not proof. Placing a dash in this case aims to logically and intonationally emphasize the predicate: But an explanation is not an excuse(M.G.); His views on family etiquette - isn't this a prejudice?; 4) if between the subject and the predicate there is an introductory word, sometimes an adverb, conjunction, particle: Dubava seems to be a friend of Korchagin(AND ABOUT.); Risk, as we know, is a noble cause; Totally rash act step dangerous; Sergeev now famous artist; Fir Same tree resinous; March only Start spring. Wed. the presence or absence of a dash depending on the specified conditions: Ivanov - good chess player; Ivanov, seems good chess player(presence of an introductory word); Ivanov now experienced chess player(presence of adverb); Ivanov also a famous chess player(presence of union); Ivanov just a beginner chess player(presence of particle); 5) if the predicate is preceded by a secondary member of the sentence relating to it: Stepan us neighbour(Sh.); Kolya to me Friend; 6) if the predicate precedes the subject: Beautiful man Ivan Ivanovich!(G.); Slavnoe place this valley!(L.); Picturesque Indian people(Gonch.); Not bad student this boy. The placement of a dash in this case emphasizes the intonational division of the sentence into two parts: Glorious people are neighbors my!(N.); Amazing case - dream(T.); Psychological curiosity - my mother(Ch.); deft little thing - little mind human(M.G.); Coffin - road(TV); 7) if the subject in combination with the predicate forms an indecomposable phraseological unit: Penny price theory that fixes some patterns(Goal.); Two of a Kind(linear).

§ 5.2

Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if both of them are expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) or if one of the main members is expressed by the nominative case of the noun, and the other by the indefinite form of the verb: About the decision speak - only confuse(M.G.); Our duty is to protect strength until our last breath(P.); Of course it's big art - wait(Esb.); Tea drink - not firewood chop(last); Force turn me off the right path - pipes!; Write mediocre things - it doesn't take any talent(infinitive in the function of the nominative topic, the predicate is expressed in a whole sentence); It would seem that, What's easier - write response letter(cf.: Writing a reply letter is easy).

But (with inversion and no pause): Which happiness son hug!(Dolm.)

§ 5.3

Dash comes before words this, this is, this means, this means, here, adding the predicate to the subject: Catch ruff or perch - what is it? bliss!(Ch.); Sports and culture - here are two keys to joy, beauty(gas.); To understand means to forgive; Latest autumn - This when the mountain ash shrinks from frost and becomes as they say, "sweet"(Prishv.) - the whole sentence acts as the predicate.

§ 5.4

Dash is put if both main members of the sentence are expressed by cardinal numerals or if one of them is expressed by the nominative case form of the noun, and the other by a numeral or a phrase with a numeral: Twenty years - good thing(Sim.); Partings and meetings - two main parts, from which happiness will someday be formed(Dolm.); Three times five is fifteen; Speed ​​- sixty kilometers per hour.

§ 5.5

Dash is placed between the subject, expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, and the predicate, expressed by a predicative adverb (state category) starting with -o, if there is a pause between the main members of the sentence: Giving in is shameful(Tendr.); This is very unbearable - to move(Gonch.); This terrible - chicken out at the last moment; This is fucking fun - ride on the boat[cf. without pause: Ride on the boat funny; Judge a man in disgrace easily(L.T.)].

§ 5.6

Dash is placed before the predicate, expressed phraseological unit: Both woman and man - a couple of nickels(Ch.); And the porch - God forbid another prince(A.T.); His income now is Be healthy; Seryozha - the seventh water on jelly for both you and me.

§ 5.7

With a subject expressed by a word This, dash placed or not placed depending on the logical selection of the subject and the presence or absence of a pause after it. Wed:

This is the beginning started everyone. - This is not bad Start; This is loneliness(Ch.). - This is home Zverkova(G.).

§ 5.8

A dash is usually not placed if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun and the predicate by the nominative case form of the noun: He is corruption, he is plague, he is ulcer these places(Kr.); I'm honest Human and I never give compliments(Ch.).

Dash in this case it is set:

1) with logical underlining: I am the page to your pen. I'll accept everything. I'm a white page. I - the keeper to your goodness...(Color);

2) when contrasted: I am a manufacturer, you are a shipowner(M.G.); She is solid clew nerves, and He - embodiment Olympic calm;

3) with structural parallelism of sentences or parts of a sentence: Without you I - star without light. Without you I - creator without peace(Br.); We - People restless because We - in the answer for the planet, Two people, he and she, walked side by side: he was young Human in a dark suit, she is young, very pretty young woman in a colorful dress;

4) when inverting the main members of the sentence: Hero of this performance - me ; Example to that - he.

§ 5.9

A dash is not placed if one of the main members is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other by a noun in the nominative case or a personal pronoun: Tell me, Who is yours Friend, and I'll tell you who are you; This whose book?; Who are you?

§ 5.10

A dash is usually not placed if the predicate is expressed by an adjective, pronominal adjective, or prepositional-nominal combination: The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn...(P.); The earth is great and beautiful(Ch.); Cherry my garden!(Ch.); Heaven without single clouds; People Here extraordinary kindness.

Dash before the predicate-adjective is placed:

1) with the logical or intonational division of a sentence: Pupils - cat-like, long(Sh.); Height near the scattered houses of the farm - team(Kaz.);

2) in the presence of homogeneous predicates: Rhythm Suvorov Military School - clear, fast, military (gas); He has changed a lot: gait, movements, facial features, even look - softer, calmer, simpler;

3) with structural parallelism of parts of a sentence: The night is warm, the sky is blue, the moon is silver, the stars are brilliant.

§ 5.11

In footnotes, a dash separates the word being explained from the explanation, regardless of the form of expression of the predicate: Poseidon - in ancient Greek mythology, the god of the seas; Pegasus - considered a symbol poetic inspiration.

§ 6. Dash in an incomplete sentence

§ 6.1

Dash is placed when there is a pause in so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): To the left, in the corner, by the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty(Room.); Behind the gate is the third parade ground, a parade ground of extraordinary size.(Cupr.); Guys - for axes...(A.T.); And this is you - in front of your daughter?(Fed.); And at the door there are pea coats, overcoats, sheepskin coats...(M.); There is fog outside the night window(Bl.); The Olympic flame is on our land!(gas.); In the role of the offended are small children; And then - a moment of silence; Watermelons and melons - mountains; Cows - two; In response - complete silence; Ahead is A. Karpov.

If there is no pause in elliptical sentences, a dash is not placed: And in the house there is knocking, walking...(Gr.); Suddenly there is a deep pothole in front of me(L.); The creaking of footsteps along the white streets, lights in the distance(Fet); Khokhla is on fire! (M.G.); Revolver on the table!(Tr.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how stage directions are formatted in plays); That's the whole point.

§ 6.2

Dash placed in incomplete sentences when there is parallelism of constructions (sentences or parts of a sentence): Her[literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Cor.); There are curious people in all the windows, boys on the roofs(A.T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.-Sch.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); Terkin - further. The author follows(TV); And above this plow - all dreams, and under this plow - all the earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of a meeting, and the soul - like the sail of a ship(Bl.); Oh, I want to live madly, to perpetuate everything that exists, to personify the impersonal, to embody the unfulfilled!(Bl.); There is no fence. There is no gate. There are no boundaries. In front of the house there is a flower garden, a fence, behind there is a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand.(Cat.); Milk soup for the first course, pancakes with cottage cheese for the second.

§ 6.3

Dash is posed in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the forms of the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and predicate, with a clear intonational division into two parts: Skiers have a good base; To the masses - culture; For youth - education. Typically, such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.

§ 6.4

Dash is placed in dismembered (two-term) headings, which are incomplete verbless sentences in which there are words with the meaning of the subject of the action, the object, the circumstances that answer the questions “who - what?”, “who - where?”, “what - where?” , “what - how?”, “what - where?” and so on.: Masters of Arts - Youth; Tourism is for everyone; The troops are on their way; Heroes are nearby; Cares and joys - in half; New books are in great demand.

§ 6.5

Dash is put in an incomplete sentence, forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the place of the omission: Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I'm pretty bad(T.); Outside the window of the carriage a hummocky plain floated, bushes ran, distant ones - slowly, near ones - in a race.(A.T.); The officers' voices became louder every minute, the words became sharper, the arguments became more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge(last); Pick up a few more examples, which ones don’t matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as quickly as possible; Now I understand why everyone is attracted to him - his inflexibility; We got down to business cheerfully, they even enthusiastically; It was difficult to establish which of them was right and which was wrong(cf. without an auxiliary verb: It was difficult to establish who was right and who was wrong); Some voted for the proposed resolution, while others, on the contrary, voted against it.(cf.: Some voted for, others against); It was dangerous to go further through the quagmire, and it was also dangerous to stay; Only steel alloys can withstand this temperature, and among light metals - only titanium alloys; There was a lot of construction work ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water pipeline; You have been here for a long time, and I have only been here for a few days; Some work, understanding their business as common to everyone, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers... were stuffing suitcases, bags, packages, carrying pillows, some to lie with their heads away from the window, some to lie with their heads towards the window(Rose); The pockets were double: the inner one was made of linen, the outer one was made of gray calico(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.

If there is no pause at the place where the clause is missing, a dash is not placed: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka(Ch.); Of our battery, only Solyony will go on a barge, we will go with the combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him(Adv.); The thief has one sin, but the owner and I have ten(Acute); ...You do long things, and I do short ones(Leon.).

§ 6.6

Dash is placed in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence when any member is omitted and even without omission: They looked at each other: Raisky - with cold curiosity, she - with daring triumph(Gonch.); There has been such a girl in everyone's life. One met his in the laboratory, another - in the radio room, the third - in a geological party, the fourth - at sea, the fifth - in the sky, at the intersection of air roads(Hump.); Witnesses spoke in the hall - hastily, in discolored voices, judges - reluctantly and indifferently(M.G.).

§ 7. Intonation dash

§ 7.1

Dash is placed to indicate the place where a simple sentence breaks down into verbal groups in order to emphasize or clarify the semantic relationships between members of the sentence when the desired meaning cannot be expressed by other punctuation marks or word order. Wed:

I couldn’t walk for a long time(i.e., was deprived of the ability to move for a long period, for example after a serious illness). - I couldn't walk for a long time(i.e., could not engage in long walking);

If necessary, please(i.e., if necessary, please contact me). - If necessary, please(i.e. I make a request when I feel a need).

Such a dash is called an intonation dash; it can separate any part of a sentence: ...Life is lashing out unstoppably, irreparably. Set out bowls and plates! Every plate will be shallow, every bowl will be flat(Color); Let's go to the club - read, play checkers, dance - a dash in front of homogeneous circumstances of the goal emphasizes their connection with the predicate (cf. also: I take binoculars - observe); Everyone loved him - for his inherent perseverance, willpower, for the plethora of his entire being; Pedestrians were approaching the station - with bundles, bags, suitcases - homogeneous members of the sentence relate to the predicate and have the meaning of a complement, and in the absence of a dash they could be perceived as inconsistent definitions to the subject: I - what, you are a major specialist(cf.: Does he not agree to leave?).

§ 7.2

It also has an intonation character dash, which is placed between members of a sentence to express surprise or to indicate logical stress: And they threw the pike into the river(Kr.); A few minutes later the chains rattled, the doors opened, and Shvabrin walked in(P.).

§ 8. Connecting dash

§ 8.1

Dash placed between two or more words to indicate limits (“from...to”):

1) spatial: Non-stop flight Moscow - Khabarovsk; Through this village one could go to the big path Uralsk - Lbischensk - Sugar - Guryev(Furm.);

2) temporary: Crusades XI-XIII centuries; Theater repertoire on January March;

3) quantitative: Manuscript volume ten - twelve author's sheets(same in numbers: 10 - 12 ); Cargo weighing 300 - 350 tons; 5 - 7 times superiority.

§ 8.2

Dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a doctrine, scientific institution, etc.: Physical law Boyle - Marriott; Match Karpov - Kasparov; Match "Torpedo" Moscow - "Metalist" Kharkov.

§ 8.3

Dash placed between individual words to show the internal connection between them: The congress of the International Union of Architects, held under the motto "Architecture - Human - environment"(gas.); Yesterday Today Tomorrow.